Inductive & Deductive Research Approach

INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH BY: MOHD TAJUDIN B JAMALUDIN Contents ? Definition ? Methods ? Inductive teaching ? deductive teaching ? Examples of inductive & deductive ? Advantages ? Disadvantages ? Conclusion Definition ? INDUCTIVE: Inductive teaching (also called discovery teaching or inquiry teaching) is based on the claim that knowledge is build primarily from a learner’s experiences and interactions with phenomena. Definition ? DEDUCTIVE Deductive teaching (also called direct instruction) is much less â€Å"constructively† and is based on the idea that a highly structured presentation of content reates optimal learning for students. Research Methods In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches. Research Types Deductive Approach Inductive Approach Inductive Research Approach THEORY TENTATIVE HYPOTHESIS Hill Climbing PATTERN Observations †¢ Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving f rom specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. †¢ Informally,, we sometimes call this a â€Å"bottom upâ€Å" approach †¢ Conclusion is likely based on premises. †¢ Involves a degree off uncertainty Deductive Research Approach Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. ? Sometimes this is informally called a â€Å"top-downâ€Å" approach. ? Conclusion follows logically from premises (available facts) THEORY HYPOTHESIS Waterfall OBSERVATIO N CONFIRMATI ON Inductive teaching ? An instructor using an inductive approach begins by exposing students to a concrete instance, or instances, of a concept . ? The teacher’s role is to create the opportunities and the context in which students can successfully make the appropriate generalizations, and to guide students necessary. Deductive Teaching ? .The instructor using a deductive approach typically presents a general concept by first defining it and then providing exampl es or illustrations that demonstrate the idea. ? Students are given opportunities to practice, with instructor guidance and feed back. Example of Inductive Teaching Using the grammar situation, the teacher would present the students with a variety of examples for a given concept without giving any introduction about how the concept is used. As students see how the concept is used, it is hoped that they will notice how the concept is to be used and determine the grammar rule.As a conclusion to the activity, the teacher can ask the students to explain the grammar rule as a final check that they understand the concept. Example of Deductive Teaching A deductive approach to instruction is a more teacher-centered approach. This means that the teacher gives the students a new concept, explains it, and then has the students practice using the concept. For example, when teaching a new grammar concept, the teacher will introduce the concept, explain the rules related to its use, and finally t he students will practice using the concept in a variety of different ways.Advantages ? Inductive ? Students may draw approaches ? Inductive approach can increase the creativity ? Inductive approach showed better long-term retention ability ? Meet the challenges of the new world Advantages ? Deductive ? Some educators have suggested that deductive teaching can be critically important for students with learning disabilities ? Some learn best through a deductive approach. ? Deductive learners like to have the general principles identified Disadvantages ? INDUCTIVE: ? . Students may draw other meaning from the examples ? The inductive approach may also take more time nd be less â€Å"efficient† then a deductive approach ? certain ideas do not lend themselves easily to an inductive-teaching Disadvantages ? DEDUCTIVE ? It doesn’t allow for divergent student thinking. ? It also doesn’t emphasize students reasoning and problem solving. ? Deductive approach can not incr ease the creativities. CONCLUSION ? Both deductive and inductive teaching approaches should be included in all courses. ? Each offers advantages to students with different learning strengths and motivations. ? Varying the approach to teaching content can help to reach diverse learning needs.

Is the statutory ban against idling motor vehicle engines is helpful in improving the air quality of Hong Kong? Essay

Although the statutory ban against idling motor vehicle engines is helpful in improving the air quality of Hong Kong, there are some exemptions which cannot be avoided. For example : traffic jams occur and all the vehicles will remain stationary but have their engines on. This situation cannot apply to the ban because the drivers are forced to idle their cars and they are not willing to do that, so they are not considered to violate the law. Another exemption is that some vehicles need to keep their engines on in order to prevent the deterioration of their goods, such as vehicles which their owners sell their ice-cream and the engines are needed to turn on in order to provide the refrigerative function. Therefore, can we say that the ban is effective? In our group, we all agree that it is ineffective in lowering the API of Hong Kong because there are many exemptions in the ban and a lot of drivers can escape from the law. Furthermore, the sources of air pollutants are not only from the vehicles, but also from the operations of factories and power stations, so only establishing law to prevent the drivers from idling the motor vehicle engines is not enough to protect our living environment. We need to have other possible solutions to help meliorating the problem. In order to reduce the air pollutants emitted by the vehicles, we suggest installing a 3-way catalytic converter, which can oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide 2CO + O2 —> 2CO2, unburnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water CxH2x+2 + (3x+1)/2 O2 —> xCO2 + (x+1) H2O and reduce nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen 2NOx —?N2 ? xO2. Nevertheless, the catalytic converter cannot be used on leaded petrol vehicles because Lead will poison the catalyst such as Platinum inside the converter. Indeed, there are more possible solutions to solve the problem. Expanding the rail network or using public transports instead of private cars can also improve the air quality because the amount of cars used can be reduced and the emission of pollutants from cars can also be diminished. The usage of environment-friendly cars are also effective due to the use of electricity instead of hydrocarbons to provide fuels for motion, but these types of cars have a higher cost and inconvenient for charging the batteries frequently. Moreover, planting trees not only can help absorbing the excess carbon dioxide emitted from power stations or vehicles, this method can also help regulating the temperature because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which can cause global warming. To conclude, all people should have the responsibilities to take part in improving the air quality. The statutory ban is not sufficient to improve the air quality, so other methods which have mentioned before should be introduced. If people in Hong Kong can have more concern about our poor living environment, we are sure that they will contribute for improving it throughout their daily lives. We hope that people can pay more attention to this situation and thus Hong Kong’s API can be lowered

Using opnet, investigation of qos in ip over atm and ip over mpls networks

1. Current SituationMajor advancement has been made to suggest webs with the installation to guarantee the QoS for the existent clip informations. As there are job like, end-to-end hold and hold jitter are typically introduces due to random line uping in the web routers. During the current old ages existent clip applications for case, picture cyclosis, synergistic games and voice over IP have turn out to be progressively well-liked among computing machine users. These applications are normally delay responsive and typically requires superior interventions in order to satisfy a needful degree of Quality of Services ( QoS ) bounds.Literature Reappraisal:[ 1 ] Due to its detonation into concern, there is better every bit good as extra imperative demand for ISPs ( Internet Service Providers ) industry to be capable to offer and every bit good keep QoS. Equally far as ATM is concerned it gives a enriched set of QoS means with a extended scope of service classs. However, QoS form which pre sents a really good control over the traffic parametric quantities demanded and managed. In add-on, most of the ISPs are already utilizing ATM in their backend webs. But there are certain jobs which I will further discourse in interim study. The purpose of this thesis is to do a comparing and to happen out which web is better sing QoS mechanisms to ease the proposed for IP. Battaglia and Kiilat [ 2 ] However, MPLS is chiefly known as Multiprotocol Label shift every bit good as it is basically a strategy that work outs to send on packages professionally and accordingly quickly. With the transition of clip, to better the quality of MPLS a heading is to the full dedicated to work between the layer2 and layer3 heading is formulated. MPLS competent routers instantly look at this heading in doing to send on the determination. MPLS is able to back up spheres, hierarchal routing and be capable to be used for burrowing intent. Domain restrictions are described by bounds of a router which inserts the suited label onto a stack, which is eliminated with the aid of boundary router. A path can be peculiarly specified by a router. During burrowing the entree of Label Switched Router describes the whole Label Switched Path all the manner through the tunnel. Gnauck IP and ATM are considered as complimentary someway competitory. IP has increased prevailing credence and is here to remain as a hereafter engineering. On the other manus, its unworldly structural design that allowed in accomplishing its irrefutable point is the major defects that there are research groups are seeking to turn to this issue. As a affair of fact, QoS is one such important failing of IP. Nonetheless, ATM boasts of a structural design which has relatively complicated techniques of supplying QoS. Conversely, another of import fact is cost, inactiveness and trouble, ATM did non carry through its touted aeriform place. Chris At the same clip as ATM claims to supply QoS confidences, it yet can non make anything above bed 2. This portrays that every bed 3 flows as a consequence, have been combined jointly can non be distinguished by ATM, and as a consequence they all end up disputing each other and an extra for the similar resources. Therefore, there is desirable a manner to set into pattern that helps in commanding traffic control, every bit good as this is most magnificently ended in the bed Myungsik QoS tremendously in the Internet is issue that has been reasonably acquiring some critical concentration from the networking community every bit good companies. The most well-liked 1s heading for dependability at the present are DiffServ and InterServ which assures to give QoS, possibly end-to-end in IP. Despite the fact that, prosecuting in the effort to even out the proficient demands are in a province of fluctuation and developing. Alternatively, of networking field ATM is puting up for itself a place, in the ISP anchors in add-on to these parts the web applied scientists are troubled with the interoperability of IP over ATM. Whereas, this has been complete reasonably much done, the confronts recline in doing successful usage of the intrinsic potency of QoS mechanisms in ATM in a status every bit shortly as running IP on top. This type of steps steps, entirely Intserv and DiffServ and MPLS-DiffServ sing ATM must be good thought-out beside with the aid of interoperation pr ocedure of signaling protocol RSVP. Problems that have been addressed and topen issues are discussed in this literature reappraisal.2. Problem AreasIP out ATM is now extensively deployed and successfully work outing the job of cyberspace working, interoperability and aid in cut downing end-to-end hold job. Now, I am seeking to screen out all the issues and jobs presently in QoS in IP over ATM and IP over MPLS Networks. For case,How to cut down end-to-end holds? How to efficaciously better the multimedia traffics? To look into which 1 is better attack QOS in IP over ATM and IP over MPLS webs? To look into the hereafter secure web? Comparison between QOS in IP over ATM and IP over MPLS webs? Which technique is better for multimedia traffic? In existent state of affairss in the field country there are diverse obstructions to ease the consequence of transmittal of signal. I am besides analyzing about how to prove the impact of obstructions in OPNET.3. Key Work during the Following Time periodI will finish my first three aims before to subject interim study. I will besides plan a MANET scenario to prove the public presentation of routing protocols when mobility addition and lessening.To happen out major differences between QOS in IP over ATM and IP over MPLS websPreliminary background of major jobs in both websTheoretical analysis, contrast and classification of the techniques used by both websAs a consequence, to happen out most first-class simulation techniques and rules involved in transporting out patterning. To happen out which web is better. To see simulation tools used in proving stage.

Explain the relevance of marketing concept to the 21st century Essay

Explain the relevance of marketing concept to the 21st century business of Virgin Group - Essay Example In the case of Virgin Group, it can be observed that the overall goal of the organization is to partner with different business groups in order to create recognised brands. Therefore, the element of mutual relationship among the stakeholders involved is very important since it helps the partners involved to pull their resources towards the same direction. As such, the marketing concept that is suitable for this noble cause is relationship marketing since it is designed to improve the viability of the organization through unifying all the stakeholders involved in a certain business. This marketing concept is effective since it is oriented towards fulfilling the needs and wants of all the stakeholders involved in Virgin Group’s activities. Introduction The success of business in its operations mainly depends on the marketing concept adopted. As such, this paper seeks to evaluate the relevance of relationship marketing (RM) to the operations of Virgin Group which is regarded as t he 21st century business. The paper starts by describing above mentioned marketing concept and this is followed by a brief introduction of the chosen organization, Virgin Group. The main body of the paper will focus on explaining the relevance of the marketing concept to the 21st century business under spotlight. The main points discussed in the paper will be summarised in the conclusion. Description of the marketing concept Relationship marketing is described as the process of establishing, maintaining, enhancing and commercialising customer relationships so that the objectives of the parties involved are met Strydom (2004). Relationship marketing is particularly concerned with satisfying the customer needs and wants. During the contemporary period, it can be noted that markets are characterised by stiff competition such that it becomes imperative for the organisations to retain their customers in order for them to operate viably in the future, (Athanasopoulou N.D). This can be ach ieved through establishing quality relationships around services of the customer, suppliers and other stakeholders as well as their values. These stakeholders in business particularly the customers are the main component in the relationship mix. Concerted efforts ought to be taken in order to satisfy the needs of the customers which can lead to creation of loyalty among them. In case of Virgin Group, this strategy can go a long way in creating competitive advantage for the organization. The concept of relationship marketing often involves high customer involvement and contact whereby mutual understanding can be created among the parties involved. Strydom (2004) posits to the effect that relationship marketing is a continuous process. Essentially, the concept of relationship marketing evolved from transactional marketing in order to serve the interests of the customers profitably. The concept of relationship marketing is also centred on creation of value chain which will help the org anization to gain a competitive advantage if its products and services are regarded as more valuable than the ones offered by the other competitors in the same industry (Wang et al, 2004). Positive consumer perceptions about a product play a pivotal role in creating quality relati

Ethical Dilemma Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Dilemma - Article Example Consequently, my aunt lost sight in her right eye. The Persons Involved The people who were involved in the entire mishap were my aunt, the surgeon who was to remove the cataract and the staff who later came following my aunt’s continuous moaning. Decisions made and the Reasons Initially, the procedure seemed to be going on as planned until my aunt started screaming and shaking in pain. It was noted that though two nurses and the surgeon had clearly checked as well as verified that indeed the bottle was filled with lidocaine, the surgeon mistakenly injected her with formaldehyde. If the government had come to discover the malpractice, they would have ended up ending their practice and leaving most of the natives without proper healthcare. Consequently, the doctors decided not to inform us of their actions, leaving us to believe that a poisonous fly had hurt my aunt’s eye. Steps to the Ethical Decision Making Process and their Effectiveness The nurses in this case failed to follow an ethical process as they were not careful enough to ensure that all medicines were labeled appropriately. Additionally, Lipe and Beasley (2004, pp. 233-234) assert that nurses owe their patients a duty of care and the truth in regard to their health, but in this case they failed. For this reason, we had to seek a different opinion from another hospital where it was reported that indeed the surgeon had administered the wrong drugs, causing blindness. What followed were lawsuits, whereby, the hospital was sued for negligence and incompetence and the nurses as well as the surgeon ended up losing their practicing license. The court ordered the defendant to compensate the complainant and ordered for the closure of the hospital. Although compensation did... Asa the discussion declares when a medical error causes a patient to lose her eyesight, the medical staff ends up being put in a complex situation. In case they publicly admit the mistake, they end up losing the trust of the people as well as their aptitude to practice medicine. However, by failing to admit their mistake, they end up lying and endangering the lives of other patients as well as bleaching their duty of care. According to the report findings the procedure seemed to be going on as planned until my aunt started screaming and shaking in pain. It was noted that though two nurses and the surgeon had clearly checked as well as verified that indeed the bottle was filled with lidocaine, the surgeon mistakenly injected her with formaldehyde. If the government had come to discover the malpractice, they would have ended up ending their practice and leaving most of the natives without proper healthcare. Consequently, the doctors decided not to inform us of their actions, leaving us to believe that a poisonous fly had hurt my aunt’s eye. The health professionals are supposed to tell the truth, since they are held to a higher standard by the public, both professionally and morally. On the same note, letting the incident go unpunished could have led to more similar incidents. In this case, the health professionals should have taken an action to tell the truth as it was the moral thing to do and o ffer advice to my aunt on an alternative measure she could undertake in order to recover her sight.

Evidence based practice and PICO format Assignment

Evidence based practice and PICO format - Assignment Example Therefore, EBP can also be said to aim at using evidence to change practice for the better, mainly because it builds on the collection, analysis, appraisal and incorporation of clinically applicable, significant and valid research. In the practice setting, EBP is brought into use by encouraging the concept of inquiry. Current methods are questioned, providing the platform for the search and collection of relevant evidence, focusing on both ethical and legal issues. After the evidence is critically appraised, it is used to change questionable practices that have been in use previously. In the clinical setting, wound care management is a common nursing practice that requires a critical search for evidence in terms of how it should be conducted. Since the wound has already occurred, treatment is an inevitable part of the healing process. As a healthcare practitioner, formulating a question regarding the treatment of the wounds in terms of recognizing effective interventions and reducing risk factors then eventually resulting in improved prognosis is imperative. Male children are naturally hyperactive, and from the P perspective of the PICO (T) concept can be perceived as a vulnerable population to injuries and consequential problems of the wounds due to the activities of their stage in life. A viable question would be: â€Å"how wounds frequently found on boy children should be treated differently from those on adults and girl children?† This involves a critical question because it is gender specific and evidence can be provided that focusing on boy children actually targets a particular population (Yoder-Wise, 2007). Depending on where they are brought up, treatment of wounds does not necessarily have to be based on sanitizing wounds and requiring operations, albeit minor ones. Rather than stereotyping all childhood wounds to arise from cuts and bruises occurring from simple falls, some can rightly be considered to come from

Are low risk women in normal labor receiving too many interventions Essay

Are low risk women in normal labor receiving too many interventions - Essay Example In normal labor the package of routine care becomes very flexible one. These interventions depend upon the place of delivery; at home most of the time moral support and attachment are the major interventions while at a well-equipped health facility the staff utilizes more interventions in the management of any pregnant women. (2) In the UK, the routine practice at the time of delivery is carrying out various activities related to any task of maternal and fetal care. Usually, the intensity and frequency of these activities crosses any line or level recommended. Most of the time these activities are carried out without any supportive evidence and at times these may become dangerous instead of beneficial. Findings from the study carried out by Hofmeyr stressed on the inconclusive evidence of routine use of oxytocin, routine amniotomy, continuous electronic fetal heart rate, etc (2). Use of analgesia has got its own untoward effects. Epidural analgesia may convert the normal labor to a prolonged labor at one end; further, it may also increases the probability of performing other interventions, as they are needed due to the long duration of labor. So after getting epidural analgesia which results in prolonged labor eventually results in exhaustion on the side of the woman with weaker and infrequent labor pains fro which drugs for augmentation are required supported by episiotomy. (3) The frequency and types of interventions used during intrapartum period in the UK especially in low risk women has not been looked for and estimated. (4) There are strong recommendations not to overuse interventions when they are not indicated. (5) There is a common agreement of obstetricians and midwives that most of the obstetric interventions cannot be explained. (6) Therefore, as is well known that these interventions are at times dangerous especially when used in excess and at the same time the frequency of use of these interventions is not available. To get reliable information on the utilization of these interventions appropriately a study is proposed with a research question of are low risk women in normal labor receiving too many interventions Objectives To look for level of intrapartum interventions used in normal labor in the UK. Methodology Study design A cross sectional survey will be carried out to reach the objective of this study. Sampling frame A sampling frame of all the consultant maternity units in Great Britain was obtained from the annual returns to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (RCOG). This list contains the data, which is believed to be almost complete. Aim was to complete data collection in one year. The sampling frame captured 237 hospitals but the final number of hospital to be included in the study was 226. The hospitals with less than 1000 births per annum were excluded from the list. Sample size determination To get an appropriate number of women to capture all major interventions, a sample size of 4040 women was finalized. It was decided to collect information from 40 women from each hospital to complete the data collection in an appropriate time without putting extra burden on the hospitals. For this purpose, 101 hospitals were randomly selected from the sampling frame and from each hospital

Sandwich report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sandwich - Lab Report Example Among the foods that have been prepared to become ready to eat include meats, sushi, cheese, cereals, salads and other produce, dry goods including candies and biscuits, and meals that are ready to eat. On the other hand, salads and sandwiches are common ready to eat food that, due to their capacity for contamination, have been associated with strict guidelines for their preparation. Those guidelines conform to regulations that have been put in place in places like New York, and cover such things as changing/replacing gloves, prohibitions against the use of bare hands during the preparation process, and the kinds of food that are considered for inclusion in government codes of sanitation relating to the preparation of such ready to eat fare. It is worth noting that government codes have prescriptions for the degree to which food are to be heated in order to be considered safe for consumption. Since ready to eat food is generally not heated to meet those minimum temperature of reheati ng standards, they are subject to more rigorous regulations in terms of handling to prevent ready to eat food being contaminated with pathogens that can cause illness on wide scale. Food handling in preparation and in transport are by far the biggest sources of contamination when it comes to ready to eat food (Colorado Farm to Market, 2013; NY State Department of Health, 2005; Schaub, 2010; UK Government, 2008). Enterobacteriaceae are a group of pathogens that are used as indicators for when food has not been cooked adequately, or else when food has been subject to contamination after the food had been processed. E.coli, on the other hand, is a pathogen that when present indicates poor hygiene, lack of sanitation, and heat that has not been adequate to kill off the bacteria during the processing of food. Other pathogens include coagulase-positive staphylococci, c. perfingens, b. cereus, v. parahaemolyticus, campylobacter spp, salmonella spp, and L. monocytogenes (NSW Food Authority, 2009; ACT Health, 2002). These same pathogens seem to cross geographic boundaries, and share in common many of the pathogens that are found in ready to eat fare in other nations, such as Hong Kong, where ready to eat food is screened for a similar set of pathogens, including b. cereus, c. perfingens, campylobacter spp, e. coli, v. cholera, salmonella, and L. monocytogenes (Centre for Food Safety, 2007). The Canadian authorities include shigella, v. cholerae, y. enterocolitica, c. parvum, giardia lamblia, hepatitis, and scombroid poisoning to the list of pathogens above, with the most common symptoms and effects of contamination and infection in people being vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, wound infection, and gas gangrene (Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives, n.d.). In the US, meanwhile, there is an intense focus on salmonella, e coli and listeria monocytogenes as the pathogens that most commonly infect ready to eat food, including produce. The lines of defense arrayed aga inst such pathogens in food include thermally killing the pathogens, making use of the so-called bacteriophage treatment, and the use of so-called antimicrobial GRAS agents (Food Safety Research Information Office, 2010). It is worth noting that in some of the bacteriological guidelines that were considered for this paper, emphasis is given on rating the quality of the food as

Human capital is increasingly considered a source of competitive Essay

Human capital is increasingly considered a source of competitive advantage for organizations - Essay Example First, the statement will be examined and then the role of human resource managers will be discussed within this context. The competition amongst the businesses around the globe is getting tougher and tougher (Dyer, 1993). Businesses are employing new techniques and adopting new strategies to reach the customer through developing a competitive edge over their customers. The reasons for this increased competition are global competition, knowledgeable customers, demanding stockholders and constant changes in technology (Dyer, 1993). The businesses which reach the top have always been successful in finding the competitive advantage that proves to be sustainable over the time (Dyer, 1993). Financial resource of an organization or the use of technology has been the main source of competitive advantage of the organization in the past. These resources are essential for the success of the organization, but not sufficient. For this reason, the companies with large employee base have started viewing their human resource as the source of creating customer delight and rapid innovation which places the organization ahead of its competitors. The performance of the organization will suffer if the human resource processes and policies are misaligned, failing to reinforce the business strategy. Since many years, many organizations have tried to shift their competitive advantage to the human resource by managing it more effectively (Dyer, 1993). At the end of the day, it is the human capital of the organization which formulates strategies, identify business opportunities, innovate new products and target the right market segments (Dyer, 1993). The uniqueness in services and products is created and maintained by the human resource of an organization (Pilenzo, 2009). Therefore, if the human resource is managed well, the organization can develop a competitive advantage which cannot be duplicated over time (Pilenzo, 2009). Knowledge and

Gender Oppression Glossary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Gender Oppression Glossary - Essay Example Marxist feminists see the Capitalist mode of production as the root cause of all gender inequality. The capitalist framework of the society, its mode of operation and production is determined as the ultimate cause of all gender inequality and oppression of women. The oppression of women is a part of the larger Class Oppression where the male dominated society suppresses the rights and freedom of the women folk. Engels - The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State written by Engels after Marx’s death serves as the back bone for the cause of dismantling capitalism and social and economical equality. It was Engels’s treatise on Marx’s analysis and understanding of the society and his comments on progressive US scholar Lewis Henry Morgan. A deep exploration of the human society, its inbuilt instincts of gender organisation, and the tendency to form a patriarchal society based on male domination is done in the book The Post Medieval Concept of Family and Marriage: Male Privilege A society is identified by its class framework, or in other words a society and its individuals are identified and heavily influenced by the system of classification of its people. The needs, opportunities and privileges given on the basis of factors like gender, social status, cast etc form a decisive factor in determining the behaviour and nature of society. In a patriarchal society that is governed by the laws of heterosexuality, deeming it to be main-stream and globally accepted, male privilege and male domination became an inevitable reality. The society is skewed in terms of gender equality considering that the modern, global society accepts a man to be the head of the house, taking all the important decisions (financial, legal, social etc), whereas the woman is not considered an equally partner. Gender oppression finds another channel of execution through the stark male domination in every area in the society, whether it is leading the family, or lead ing a cultural or social organisation, whether it is heading the work place or the government. According to Marxist feminist theory this is due to the root cause of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production. Some Marxist feminist theorists consider the nature of men to be the root cause of female oppression. Male privilege and the inequality in rights, opportunities, position, contribution and influence in society between male and female classes has been as old as division of society into classes. It has not existed since the beginning, but gradually gathered popularity and momentum through the introduction of a class based barbaric society. Along with the class society, private property and the state, the bourgeois family too has a distinct beginning. Male privilege is only as old as the division of the society into classes. Patriarchy Patriarchy as opposed to matriarchy is based on the concept of Male leadership of the household, where the title can be traced through male l ineage. The title and its inheritance by subsequent generations are of a man’s and from a man’s. This serves as the foundation of a patriarchal society. Patriarchy is ancient and dates back to primitive human society dominated by male power to hunt, fight, capture and colonise. Thus arose the system of a male dominated, patriarchal system of society where the male

Effects of British Colonial Rule in India Essay Example for Free

Effects of British Colonial Rule in India Essay The colonization of India and the immense transfer of wealth that moved from the latter to Britain were vital to the success of the British Empire. In fact, the Viceroy of British India in 1894 called India â€Å"the pivot of our Empire †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I examine the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the subcontinent. Besides highlighting the fact that without cheap labor and raw materials from India, the modernization of Britain during this era would have been highly unlikely, I will show how colonial policy led to the privation and death of millions of natives. I conclude that while India undoubtedly benefited from British colonial rule, the negatives for the subject population far outweighed the positives. . Colonialism, by definition, is exploitative and oppressive, with the rulers enriching themselves at the expense of those they rule. Generally speaking, colonizers dominate a territory’s resources, labor force, and markets; oftentimes, they impose structures cultural, religious and/or linguistic to maintain control over the indigenous population. The effects of the expansion of European empires, which began in the 15th century, on the colonized can still be felt today. Some historians, for example, argue that colonialism is one of the leading causes in income inequality among countries in present times. They cite patterns of European settlement as determinative forces in the type of institutions developed in colonized countries, considering them major factors in economic backwardness. Economist Luis Angeles has argued that the higher the percentage of Europeans settling in a colony at its peak, the greater the inequality in that country so long as the settlers remained a minority, suggesting that the colonizers drained those lands of essential resources while reaping most, if not all, of the profits. In terms of per capita GDP in 1995, the 20 poorest countries were all former colonies, which would seem to bolster Angeles’ contention. There are, however, competing views on how much underdevelopment in today’s poorest countries is a byproduct of colonial rule and how much of it is influenced by factors such as a country’s lack of natural resources or area characteristics. For poet, activist and politician Aime Cesaire, the verdict was in: Colonizers were â€Å"the decisive actors †¦ the adventurer and the pirate, the wholesale grocer and the ship owner, the gold digger and the merchant, appetite and force, and behind them, the baleful projected shadow of a form of civilization which, at a certain point in its history, finds itself obliged, for internal reasons, to extend to a world scale the competition of its antagonistic economies. This is not to suggest that Western European nations were the first and only countries to pursue imperialistic policies or that nothing good came out of colonial policies for the subject population. Dinesh D’Souza, while arguing that colonialism has left many positive as well as negative legacies, has stressed that there is nothing uniquely Western about colonialism, writing: â€Å"Those who identify colonialism and empire only with the West either have no sense of history or have forgotten about the Egyptian empire, the Persian empire, the Macedonian empire, the Islamic empire, the Mongol empire, the Chinese empire, and the Aztec and Inca empires in the Americas. † For this paper’s purposes, however, I will focus on the British Empire, its colonizing efforts in India (1757-1947), and the effects British policy had on that subject population. A couple of caveats before examining the British-Indian relationship: experiences differed from colony to colony during this period of European imperialism; India was unique in the colonial experience because of its size and history. It also should be noted that India was rather unique among colonized lands during this era for at least two reasons. First, South Asia was â€Å"already a major player in world commerce and possessed a well-developed trading and financial world† by the time Europeans arrived. Indigenous administrative structures already existed for taxation purposes, while commerce within the country and throughout the continent offered prospects of giant profits. Second, British India, which included today’s India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, was a region so large that there were areas in which Britain exercised direct control over the subject population and others where it exerted indirect control. It is exceedingly difficult, therefore, to extrapolate from one experience to another. Although it is impossible to determine how India would have developed had England never established a dominating presence there, I find the results of British colonialism to have been a mixed bag for India: the negatives, however, far outweighed the positives. Liberal and democratic aspects of British colonialism in India played a significant role in leading to a democratic South Asia following Indian independence in 1947. Yet, the British first through the East India Company and then through direct government control held almost all of the political and economic power in India during the Empire’s expansion and apogee, guaranteeing the Indian economy could not evolve and/or function independent of the ruling power’s control; ensuring raw materials extracted from Indian soil would go towards British manufacturing industries mostly without profiting the vast majority of Indians; and leading to lives of privation for millions of indigenous subjects. Although there have been arguments made that, in political and economic terms, south Asia was backwards until the arrival of Europeans, recent research has debunked that myth, showing the region to have possessed healthy trading and financial structures prior to the Europeans’ arrival. British Colonial Strategy in the Subcontinent Imperial powers followed two basic strategies when colonizing. They either allowed a large number of Europeans to settle overseas (known as Settler Colonies) or sent a much smaller number – usually less than 1 percent of the population to serve as administrators and tax collectors (known as Peasant Colonies). Britain followed the latter strategy in regards to India. The percentage of English people in India in 1913, for example, was only 0. 1 percent of the country’s population; by comparison, they accounted for over one-fifth (21. 4 percent) of the population in South Africa and Losetho during the same period. As previously mentioned, Britain exerted both direct and indirect control over the Indian subcontinent. Areas of indirect control are called â€Å"native states. These were controlled by Indian rulers who wielded considerable power over the internal administration of the land, while the British exercised complete control over the area’s defense and foreign policies. When looking at this two-pronged approach Britain took in establishing an Indian colony, the economist Lakshmi Iyer has argued that there is a differential long-term effect on areas the Empire controlled directly compared to areas in which it basically outsourced control. Rather than expropriating Indian land, which was negligible, the English taxed Indian land, producing considerable revenues and inducing the indigenous population to shift from traditional to commercial products (e. g. tea). Areas that were directly under British control today have significantly lower levels of public goods relative to areas that were not under direct colonial rule. In 1961, for example, districts (administrative divisions below state level) that had been under direct control of the British Empire had lower levels of primary and middle schools, as well as medical dispensaries. Present-day differences between directly and indirectly controlled areas, Iyer argues, are most likely the result of differences in internal administration during the colonial period because once the British left in 1947, all the native states were integrated into independent India and have since been subject to a uniform administrative, legal and political structure. The Company and the Crown By the middle of the 18th century, there were five major European colonial powers the Dutch Republic, France, Great Britain, Portugal, and Spain. From about 1850 on, however, Britain’s overseas empire would be unrivaled; by 1901, the empire would encompass 11. 2 million square miles and rule about 400 million people. For much of the 19th and 20th centuries, India was Britain’s largest and economically most important colony, an â€Å"empire within an empire. † It should be noted that although this period coincided with the birth of the Industrial Revolution historians and economists have cast doubt on whether industrialization was the sine qua non for British imperialism. They have noted that England’s first major advance into the Indian subcontinent began in Bengal in the middle of the 18th century, long before large-scale mechanization turned Britain into the â€Å"workshop of the world. † Historian P. J. Marshall, in studying early British imperialism, has written: â€Å"As a blanket term the Industrial Revolution explains relatively little about British expansion in general at the end of the eighteenth century. † While Marshall and others may be correct in asserting the British would have pursued empire even without the Industrial Revolution, its advent impacted colonial policy in that it required expanded markets and a steady supply of raw materials to feed the country’s manufacturing industries. Cotton, for example, was one of the driving forces behind the evolution of Britain’s modern economy. British traders purchased raw cotton fibers from plantations, processed it into cotton cloth in Lancashire mills, and then exported them to the colonial markets including India. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, India had been the world’s main producer of cotton textiles, with a substantial export trade. By the early nineteenth century, however, Britain had taken over dominating the world market for cotton textiles based on technology that lowered production costs . â€Å"This dramatic change in international competitive advantage during the Industrial Revolution was surely one of the key episodes in the Great Divergence of living standards between Europe and Asia. † Britain’s 200-year run ruling India began in the mid-17th century when the British East India Company set up trading posts in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. In 1757, Robert Clive led Company-financed troops – led by British officers and staffed by native soldiers known as sepoys in a victory over French-backed Indian forces. The victory at the Battle of Plassey made the East India Company the leading power in the country. It would dominate India for just over 100 years, the area it controlled growing over that time to encompass modern Bangladesh, a majority of southern India and most of the territory along the Ganges River in the north of the country. The East India Company’s control of Bengal alone yielded taxes of nearly  £3 million; by 1818, its territorial revenues in India stood at  £22 million, allowing it to finance one of the world’s largest standing armies. This established British rule well before the Industrial Revolution could have played any major role in Britain expanding its overseas empire, strengthening historians’ – Marshall, et al. – arguments regarding the significance, or lack thereof, of the role mechanization in England had in the country’s expansionist efforts. The fact remains, however, that Britain in the 19th century would become the world’s leading industrial power and India a major source of raw materials for its industry. What’s more, the subcontinent’s population of 300 million would constitute a huge source of revenue and a gigantic market for British-made goods. Although, the English expanded gradually in India during those first 100 years of colonization, once the British government gained control of the country’s administration following the Indian War of Independence in 1857, India was virtually incorporated into the British Empire and became its â€Å"crown jewel. † During the life of the Britain Empire, India was its most profitable colony. Examples of huge returns on British investments in India based on surviving business records are plentiful. To give two examples: Binny and Co. , which was founded in 1799 with 50,000 rupees in capital, returned profits of 140,000 rupees only 12 years later; and William Mackinnon’s Indian General Steam and Navigation Co. , which began trading in 1847 and whose assets five years later were valued at more than nine times the original capital of 72,000 rupees. The 1852 prospectus of the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China stated that â€Å"bearing in mind the very high rate of interest which prevails in the East and the very lucrative nature of the Exchange Business †¦ a very large Annual Dividend may be looked for with certainty. British investment in India increased enormously over the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. According to economist James Foreman-Peck, by the end of 1911, 373 stock companies were estimated to be carrying on business exclusively or almost exclusively in India, yet were registered elsewhere, with the average size of those companies (railways accounted for nearly half of the capital, and tea plantations about one-fifth) dwarfing the far more numerous – 2,463 Indian-registered companies. The discrepancies between the two are stark. The companies registered outside India had paid-up capital of â‚ ¤77.979 million and debentures of â‚ ¤45.353 million compared to â‚ ¤46.251 million and â‚ ¤6 million, respectively, for Indian-registered companies. According to Foreman-Peck, â€Å"The magnitude of foreign investment and the rate of return on it, broadly defined, have been seen as a means by which empire imposed burdens on colonies and boosted the imperial nation’s economy. † This was not an idea that could only be gleaned in hindsight. Writing at the end of the 19th century, historian Brooks Adams wrote the following: Probably since the world began no investment has yielded the profit reaped from the Indian plunder. The amount of treasure wrung from the conquered people and transferred from India to English banks between Plassey and Waterloo (fifty-seven years) has been variously estimated at from $2,500,000,000 to $5,000,000,000. The methods of plunder and embezzlement by which every Briton in India enriched himself during the earlier history of the East India Company gradually passed away, but the drain did not pass away. The difference between the earlier day and the present is that Indias tribute to England is obtained by indirect methods under forms of law. It was estimated by Mr.  Hyndman some years ago that at least $175,000,000 is drained away every year from India without a cents return. Plunder and Famine At the time Britain established its colony on the subcontinent, the Indian economy was based predominantly on agriculture. Iyer has shown that since the Indian economy was so dependent on farming, British annexation policy focused on acquiring land with the most agricultural potential, guaranteeing that land taxation would be the East India Company’s/British government’s biggest source of income throughout the colonial period. In 1765-66, the East India Company had collected â€Å"the equivalent of  £1,470,000; and by 1790-1791, this figure had risen to  £2,680,000. † To ensure the land-revenue system, known as â€Å"tax farming,† would continue to supply money to the East India Company’s treasury, the Company introduced the Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793, an agreement between it and absentee landlords, known as zaminders. Through this policy, peasants who worked the land became the tenants of the zaminders, who, for themselves and the tax collectors, extracted as much as possible from those who cultivated the land. This settlement created a class of Indian landowners loyal to the English and a division in the rural society between the tenants and landlords, which last well into the 20th century. Indian climate is characterized by the monsoon, which generally includes nine months of dry weather followed by three months of rains known as the monsoon. At least once in a decade, the monsoon fails to arrive and a drought occurs. Indians for centuries had set aside a portion of crops to ensure there would be adequate food in times of drought. This practice was so successful that between the 11th and 18th centuries, India experienced only 14 major famines; yet, from 1765-1858, when it was under East India Company control, India suffered through 16 major famines, followed by an average of one famine every two years under British Colonial Office rule from 1859-1914. Under British rule during the 18th century, over 25 million Indians died of famine between: 1 million between 1800 and 1825, 4 million between 1825 and 1850, 5 million between 1850 and 1875, and 15 million between 1875 and 1900 ; more than 30 million deaths occurred from famine between 1870 and1910. Why did tens of millions die from starvation under the East India Company and the British Raj? Why, comparatively speaking, did so many famines occur under Britain’s watch? Historian Laxman D. Satya argues the famines were price-induced and that timely government intervention could have prevented millions of deaths from starvation. State intervention was minimal, however; Lord Curzon acknowledged once that a famine in Indian excited no more attention in Britain than a squall on the Serpentine. Like other European imperialists in the late 18th century, Britain – first through the East India Company – followed a laissez-faire doctrine whereby government interference in the economy was anathema; in addition, famine later was seen as a natural way to control overpopulation. According to Satya, â€Å"†¦ any act that would influence the prices of grains such as charity was to be either strictly monitored or discouraged. Even in the face of acute distress, relief had to be punitive and conditional. † The powers that be also began using famine labor to build an infrastructure – railways, roads – ensuring that revenues would continue to increase, expenditures would be kept low; worst of all, the new infrastructure allowed for the exportation of grain that could have fed the starving. Studies have shown that even in years of official famine – Britain only recognized three periods of famine there was never a shortage of food grains. The problem was that with prices for grains so high and wages stagnant, most people could not afford to buy them. As an example, during the Indian Famine of 1887-88, nearly 44 percent of total exports from Berar, one of the hardest hit provinces, were food grains. Between 1874 and 1903 the province exported an average over 40 tons of grain, and Satya has shown that this could have amounted for nearly 30. pounds of food per person. Historian and social commentator Mike Davis has cited even evidence that grains were exported to Europe for speculative trading while millions were dying of starvation. Since the primary concern for the government was maximizing returns on investments, it didn’t prioritize famine relief, considering those expenditures wasteful; therefore, relief camps were â€Å"deliberately kept in remote locations and beyond the reach of the physically weakened population. What’s more, people seeking relief were required to work on colonial projects as a condition for receiving food – as little as 16-22 ounces of food for a minimum of nine-10 hours of often grueling labor Fearing that Indian nationalists would take to the newspapers – in general, the government had a comparatively lax policy toward the press the Raj implemented tight press control through various laws including the Newspaper Act of 1908 and the Indian Press Act of 1910. It’s important to note that despite these and other attempts at press censorship, a large number of vernacular newspapers were published throughout the country and played an integral role in creating a nationalist/political consciousness in India.

Practice Question for Phl264 Essay Example for Free

Practice Question for Phl264 Essay Info- the test is 90 mins, you must answer 5 questions, and at least 1 from each section. (That’s 18 mins for each question) There is 1 question from each week’s material. It’s a good idea to practise writing by hand so you know how much you can write in 18 mins. Section A 1 What, according to Peter singer, is an ultimate choice? How do ultimate choices conflict with other choices? How do you think we should choose when faced with an ultimate choice? 2 What is the distinction between top down, bottom up and reflective equilibrium reasoning? What do you think is the most appropriate form of reasoning and why? 3 Do you agree with Milton Friedman that a manager’s primary obligation is to increase profits in accordance with the law (firstly, explain Friedman’s view) 4. According to the stakeholder view of business ethics, managers have a broad set of obligations to different stakeholder groups. Explain and evaluate this view. Section B 1 Does advertising violate autonomy? (For a question like this, it is best to firstly discuss the views of theorists in class, e. g. Arrington and/or Lippke, then discuss what you think in a critical way) 2 Do business have responsibilities to protect the environment? (same as above, regarding Des Jardins, Bullard etc. ) 3 What is affirmative action, and is it a type of reverse discrimination? Can AA and/or reverse discrimination be justified? 4 How do corporations influence the government? Is such influence justified? Section C 1 Pogge argues that we are obligated to help the poor in 3rd world countries because we are partially responsible for their plight. Explain and evaluate this view (Note- the 2 topic this week are globalisation and sweatshop labour- the question could be on either of these topics) 2. What are some of the moral problems of gift giving in the pharmaceutical industry? Do you think give giving need to be restricted? Why and in what way? 3 Kultgen argues that professional codes unfairly elevate the status of the professions to afford professionals higher social status, pay and power. Do you agree? 4 In what situations is whistleblowing morally justified? Is whistle blowing ever morally obligatory?

How a good team working ethos

How a good team working ethos How A Good Team Working Ethos On A Project Can Be Developed With Particular Reference To Equality At Work Introduction And Executive Summary This report is intended to explain how we, as a company, will develop a good team working ethos on a project, with particular reference to equality at work. This report has been prepared on request of the client as part of the prequalification exercise and outlines our proposals, and informs of any legal obligations and relevant legislation that the client should be made aware of. A good team working ethos equates to a positive characteristic attitude of a group of people towards what constitutes moral working practice.   Achieving equality at work will involve all persons associated with an organisation being considered on a par with one another, by themselves and others. As a company we are a well established leading provider of project management services, with an excellent track record for successfully managing a range of exciting projects, all of which which ha haveve satisfied all of our clients needs.   Our diversified team of staff is comprised of extensively qualified full-time and part-time project managers from a variety of backgrounds.   Our project managers are all provided with continuing professional development training, equipping them all with highly developed communication, consultation and conflict resolution skills.   Every member of our team are required to undergo extensive internal training so that they fully understand our company ethos.   The main principles of our company ethos include: complying with the laws enforced wherever we operate , and to be sensitive to local customs and traditions; to conduct all our business and make all our decisions within a clear ethical framework; to maintain safe and healthy working environments; to create, develop and sustain strong and long lasting relationships with our clients; to achieve a thorough understanding of our clients aims and needs; to contribute positively to the communities in which we work; and to operate sus tainably in all that we do. Every member of our team is also required to undergo extensive internal training so that they fully understand our equal opportunities policy.   The main principles of our equal opportunities policy include: creating a safe, healthy, challenging, rewarding, participative and fair working environment for all our staff; and ensuring the utilisation of the full talents and skills of all our staff through effective selection, training and development. The purpose of this policy is to provide a framework within which our services can be provided in a fair, appropriate manner to meet the needs of our team and clients, and meet our legal obligations in relation to all forms of discrimination. As a company we are devoted to ensuring that our clients receive a professionally delivered service that satisfies all of their needs.   As a part of our service we are primarily concerned with keeping the clients best interests in mind and safe guarding them from any legal implications.   All of our staff are familiar with and have a current knowledge of all aspects of relevant legislative documentation related to the working environment.   Legislation that all of our clients should be aware of includes:   Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 Workplace (Health, Safety Welfare) Regulations 1992 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Disability Discrimination Act 2005 The Sex Discrimination Act (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999 Race Relations Act 1976 Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 We are recognised as an Investor in People organisation, and so fully comply with all aspects of the Investors in People framework. The framework set out by Investors in People UK addresses health and well being, equality and diversity in the workplace and literacy, language and numeracy.   All of our staff are familiar with every aspect of the Investors in People framework and are accustomed to sharing their knowledge of the subject with clients and other professionals, in an effort to create a fair and agreeable environment in which to work and to improve business performance.   To get the best work out of our employees and to maintain a good team working ethos our staff are trained, when working in a team leader capacity, to follow team members advice, listen to their suggestions and grant reasonable requests; provide motivation to members of the team and eliminate issues that are slowing the team down; remind team members of their roles and encourage them to share skills; regularly remind team members of the project goals and keep them up to date with the progress of the project; and to hold regular meetings to evaluate the overall team performance. To ensure effective teamwork on projects our staff are also trained, when working as part of a team, to invest trust in other members of the team, engage in healthy conflict, commit themselves to project based tasks, hold themselves and one another accountable, focus on collective results, regularly engage in communication, and maintain moral and ethical conduct at all times. As a company we believe that everyone has the right to be treated fairly and equally at work and be free of discrimination in employment.   All of our staff, regardless of employment status, are subject to extensive training to educate them about their rights as employees and the rights of their colleagues.   As employers we are committed to protecting people from unequal treatment in recruitment and job advertising, pay and benefits, terms and conditions at work, promotion and training, dismissal, redundancy and retirement. As a company we endeavour to ensure that we deliver a good team working ethos on all projects we undertake, with particular attention paid to ensuring equality at work.   Should we be successful in our tender, we assure you that we will do everything within our power to ensure that the experience and continued working experience of working with yourselves is an enjoyable and prosperous one. 1 .0  Ã‚   Introduction This report is intended to explain how we, as a company, will develop a good team working ethos on a project, with particular reference to equality at work. This report has been prepared on request of the client as part of the prequalification exercise and outlines our proposals, and informs of any legal obligations and relevant legislation that the client should be made aware of. A Good Team Working Ethos With Particular Reference To Equality At Work An ethic, by definition (MSN Encarta Dictionary, 2009)[1], is a system of moral standards or principles†, which is derived from the word ethos, which is in turn the fundamental and distinctive character of a group, social context, or period of time, typically expressed in attitudes, habits and beliefs† (MSN Encarta Dictionary,2009)[1]. This suggests that a good team working ethos will equate to a positive characteristic attitude of a group of people towards what constitutes moral working practice.   Good team working ethos requires the individuals within tha t team to have the same level of ethical standards. Equality, by definition (MSN Encarta Dictionary, 2009)[1], is having rights, treatment, quantity or value equal to all others in a specific group†.   This suggests that achieving equality at work will involve all persons associated with an organisation being considered on a par with one another, by themselves and others. Company Profile As a company we are a well established leading provider of project management services with an excellent track record for successfully managing a range of exciting projects, which have satisfied all of our clients needs.   Our diversified team of staff is comprised of extensively qualified full-time and part-time project managers from a variety of backgrounds, all possessing unique and invaluable skills. Our project managers are all provided with continuing professional development training, equipping them all with strongly developed communication, consultation and conflict resolution skills, enabling the company to continue to grow in business and reputation. Every member of our team is required to undergo extensive internal training so that they fully understand our company ethos. The main principles of our company ethos include: complying with the laws enforced wherever we operate, and to be sensitive to local customs and traditions; to conduct all our business and make all our decisions within a clear ethical framework; to maintain safe and healthy working environments, operating safe systems and methods of work and ensuring the safety of members of the public; to create, develop and sustain strong and long lasting relationships with our clients; to achieve a thorough understanding of our clients aims and needs in order to ensure that we satisfy them; to contribute positively to the communities in which we work; and to operate sustainability in all that we do so as to avoid compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Every member of our team is also required to undergo extensive internal training so that they fully understand our equal opportunities policy. The main principles of our equal opportunities policy include: creating a safe, healthy, challenging, rewarding, participative and fair working environment for all our staff; and ensuring the utilisation of the full talents and skills of all our staff through effective selection, training and development. The purpose of this policy is to provide a framework within which our services can be provided in a fair, appropriate manner to meet the needs of our team and clients, and meet our legal obligations in relation to gender, marital status, pregnancy, physical status or disability, gender reassignment, race, colour, ethnic origin, nationality, religious belief, sexual orientation, age and employment status.   Legislation As a company we are devoted to ensuring that our clients receive a professionally delivered service that satisfies all of their needs. As a part of our service all of our staff are also trained to keep the clients best interests in mind for the entire duration of projects, and as a company we are primarily concerned with safe guarding the client from any legal implications.   All of our staff are regularly provided with training to ensure that they are familiar with and have a current knowledge of all aspects of relevant legislative documentation related to the working environment and can impart this information to the client where applicable on a project.   Legislation that all of our clients should be aware of, with reference to health and safety, equality at work and discrimination, includes:   Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 Also referred to as HASAW or HSW. It is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in the United Kingdom.   It is an act that makes further provision for securing the health, safety and welfare of persons at work, for controlling the keeping, use and preventing the unlawful acquisition, possession of and use of dangerous substances, and for controlling certain emissions into the atmosphere (source, date). Workplace (Health, Safety Welfare) Regulations 1992 Regulations which impose requirements with respect to the health, safety and welfare of persons in a workplace.   These regulations are imposed upon employers and persons who have, to any extent, control of a workplace. These regulations impose requirements with respect to maintenance, ventilation, indoor temperatures, lighting, cleanliness, suitable working areas, protection from falling objects, the provision of suitable sanitary conveniences, the provision of suitable washing facilities, the provision of a supply of drinking water and suitable drinking vessels, the provision of suitable accommodation for clothing and of facilities for changing clothing, and the provision of suitable facilities for rest and to eat meals(source, date). The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Regulations which re-enact the Workplace (Health, Safety Welfare) Regulations 1992, with the addition of new regulations relating to occupational health and safety in the United Kingdom(source, date). Sex Discrimination Act 1975 An act which makes it unlawful to discriminate against employees, job seekers, trainees and any other bodies on the grounds of gender.   The act makes unlawful, direct and indirect discrimination against women, sex discrimination against men, discrimination on the grounds of gender reassignment and direct and indirect discrimination against married persons in the employment field(source, date).  Ã‚   Disability Discrimination Act 1995 An act which makes it unlawful to discriminate against disabled persons in connection with employment, the provision of goods, facilities and services, or the disposal or management of premises.   The act addresses the duty of the employer to make provisions, adjustments and alterations to accommodate disabled persons and the duty of the providers of services to make adjustments to accommodate disabled persons(source, date). Disability Discrimination Act 2005 An act to amend the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, which makes it unlawful to discriminate against disabled persons in connection with employment, the provision of goods, facilities and services, or the disposal or management of premises(source, date). The Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999 Regulations which extend the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, which makes it unlawful to discriminate against employees, job seekers, trainees and any other bodies on the grounds of gender(source, date). Race Relations Act 1976 An act which makes it unlawful to discriminate against employees, job seekers, trainees and any other bodies on the grounds of race and relations between people of different racial groups(source, date).      Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 Regulations which make it unlawful to discriminate against employees, job seekers, trainees and any other bodies on the grounds of religion and belief. These regulations make unlawful direct and indirect discrimination, victimisation and harassment on the grounds of any religion, religious belief, or similar philosophical belief(source, date).  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 Regulations which make it unlawful to discriminate against employees, job seekers, trainees and any other bodies on the grounds of sexual orientation.   These regulations make unlawful direct and indirect discrimination, victimisation and harassment on the grounds of sexual orientation towards persons of the same sex, persons of the opposite sex, or to both persons of the same sex and opposite sex(source, date). Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 Regulations which make it unlawful to discriminate against employees, job seekers, trainees and any other bodies on the grounds of age.   The regulations cover workers of all ages, young and old, in all types of employment and vocational training, and include access to help and guidance, promotion, development, redundancy, perks and pay(source, date).   How A Good Team Working Ethos Will Be Achieved Teams According to Pryke and Smith (2006) teams are defined as : Groups of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose and hold themselves mutually accountable for its achievement.   Ideally, they develop a distinct identity and work together in a co-ordinated and mutually supportive way to fulfil their goal or purpose†.† (Pryke and Smyth, 2006)[2] As a company we are recognised as an Investor in People organisation, and so fully comply with all aspects of the Investors in People framework.   The framework set out by Investors in People UK addresses health and well being, equality and diversity in the workplace and literacy, language and numeracy.   The health and well being aspect of the framework looks at increasing productivity by improving workplace health and is intended to improve loyalty and advocacy, morale costs, staff retention productivity, and quality and customer satisfaction, whilst reducing staff turnover, absence rates, agency cover costs, health insurance, litigation costs and recruitment costs.   The equality and diversity in the workplace aspect of the framework emphasises that treating people equally is essential to being an effective organisation and focuses on equality of opportunity, the culture of the organisation, recruitment and selection, and how an organisation promotes and values equality and diversity.   The literacy, language and numeracy aspect of the framework encourages the reviewing of literacy, language and numeracy skills within organisations and provides a structure for implementing literacy, language and numeracy programmes in order to help employees work to the best of their abilities and give them the confidence to go for promotions, take up additional training opportunities, participate fully in the workplace, reduce costly mistakes, keep up with change and understand health and safety.   All of our staff are familiar with every aspect of the Investors in People framework and are accustomed to sharing their knowledge of the subject with clients and other professionals, in an effort to create a fair and agreeable environment in which to work, and to improve business performance.   To get the best work out of our employees and to maintain a good team working ethos our staff are trained, when working in a team leader capacity, to follow team members advice, listen to their suggestions and grant reasonable requests, resulting in improved morale and happiness of the people in the team; provide motivation to members of the team and eliminate issues that are slowing the team down, resulting in improved quality and efficiency of their work; remind team members of their roles and encourage team members to share skills, resulting in protecting people from bureaucracy and carrying out needless tasks, whilst simultaneously helping the team to work smarter and learn new skills; regularly remind team members of the project goals and keep them up to date with the progress of the project, resulting in increased chances of the project being completed on schedule, and creating a sense of unity between the members of the team; and to hold regular meetings to evaluate the overal l team performance, resulting in the elimination of behaviour which is detrimental to the project or the team and giving the team members a sense of belonging. To ensure effective teamwork on projects our staff are also trained, when working as part of a team, to invest trust in other members of the team, engage in healthy conflict resulting in the resolution of complex issues, commit themselves to project based tasks, hold themselves and one another accountable for achievements and shortcomings, focus on collective results, regularly engage in communication with other members of the team, and maintain moral and ethical conduct at all times.   How Equality At Work Will Be Achievedachieved According to the Equalities Review, in their fairness and freedom report (Fairness and Freedom: The Final Report of the Equalities Review, 2007), An equal society protects and promotes equal, real freedom and substantive opportunity to live in the ways people value and would choose, so that everyone can flourish.† and An equal society recognises peoples different needs, situations and goals and removes the barriers that limit what people can do and can be.† As a company we believe that everyone has the right to be treated fairly and equally at work and be free of discrimination in employment.   All of our staff, regardless of employment status, are subject to extensive training to educate them about their rights as employees and the rights of their colleagues, to ensure that none of our employees or the people that they come into contact with whilst working on a project, are subject to any form of discrimination, harassment or unfair treatment.   As employers we are committed to protecting people from unequal treatment in job recruitment and job advertising, pay and benefits, terms and conditions at work, promotion and training, dismissal, redundancy and retirement.      Conclusion As a company we endeavour to ensure that we deliver a good team working ethos on all projects we undertake, with particular attention paid to ensuring equality at work.   Should we be successful in our tender, we assure you that we will do everything within our power to ensure that the experience and continued working experience of working with yourselves is an enjoyable and prosperous one.

Women in Harry Crewss A Feast of Snakes Essay -- Literary Analysis

It is known by many that, in regards to literature coming out of the South, female characters traditionally do not receive as much attention or detail as their male counterparts. Harry Crews does not, as one might say, â€Å"stray far from the path† of male dominated prose. However, this is not to say that there are only few women present in his writing, in fact quite the contrary. Women are not only present in Crews’s work, they are vividly entwined with the experiences and fiery outcomes of his male protagonist’s journeys; and A Feast of Snakes is no different. In â€Å"Having a Hard Time of it: Women in the Novels of Harry Crews,† an essay written by Elise S. Lake, Lake examines that even though some may interpret Crews as using women strictly in disrespectful or obscene ways for the advancement of his male characters, that â€Å"sheer variety disputes the notion that Crews stereotypes women narrowly† (84). We see a multitude of angles and p ersonalities in A Feast of Snakes alone, including: Lottie Mae and Beeder acting as an empathy release valve; the abused wife, Elfie; the ultimate cheerleader/ catalyst, Berenice; and finally the vicious sexual icons Hard Candy and Susan Gender. Probably the two utmost, one dimensional characters in A Feast of Snakes are Hard Candy Sweet and Susan Gender. These two are present in the story solely to be viewed as sexual icons. In the essay â€Å"Crews’s Women,† by Patricia V. Beatty, Beatty examines that â€Å"they are empty and vacuous, like Barbie dolls run wild. The men in A Feast of Snakes do not really perceive them as threats, but only as convenient sexual objects† (119). Their ways of making love are aggressive and, in Hard Candy’s case, is compared to the roughness of playing football. Even within ... ...nd abused wife, Elfie, but in the adjacent corner we find empathy in Lottie Mae and Beeder making sure the story does not become too one sided. At the same time we see Hard Candy and Susan Gender keeping the Southern plot moving with sex and a little violence. Elise S. Lake explains in â€Å"Having a Hard Time of it: Women in the Novels of Harry Crews† that â€Å"for most of Crews’s characters, hopes are unrealized, goals are unattained. Success is illusory, and self-determination is elusive for both men and women† (93). Being a Southern writer himself, Crews’s work is inevitably going to have some questionable views regarding the opposite gender, race, and class. This is what Southern Masculinity is. And to be able to plunge head first into a not-so-obvious aspect of this kind of writing and somehow come out smelling like roses; it is no easy task to say the least.

Leukemia :: Cancer Research Health Essays

Leukemia Leukemia is a disease characterized by the formation of abnormal numbers of white blood cells, for which no certain cure has been found. Leukemia is also conditions characterized by the transformation of normal blood-forming cells into abnormal white blood cells whose unrestrained growth overwhelms and replaces normal bone marrow and blood cells. Leukemias are named according to the normal cell from which they originate, such as Lymphocyte Leukemia. Lymphocyte Leukemia is where a Lymphocyte cell is transformed into a Leukemia cell. Another example of Leukemia is Myelocytic or (Granulocytic Leukemia). This forms when a Myelocytic cell is changed or transformed into a Leukemia cell. Different Leukemia's are located in the microscope and by how much protein they contain. These Leukemia's are usually very severe and need treatment right away. The present incidence of new cases per year in the United States is about 25 to every 100,000 persons. The danger to the patient lies in the growth of these abnormal white cells, which interfere with the growth of the red blood cells, normal white blood cells, and the blood platelets. The uncontrolled growth of the abnormal white cells produces a tendency to unstop bleeding, the risk of getting serious infection in the wounds, and a very small possibility of obstruction of the blood vessels. Treatment of these Leukemias include chemotherapy with alkylafing agents, or antimetabodies that suppress the growth of abnormal white cells. Another treatment of some kind would be the x-ray or the administration or radioactive substances, or radiophosphorus, may be used. After treatment these diseases may last for many years. Age of the person diagnosed with Leukemia does play an important part in how that individual responds to any treatment. The older the person the less response he may have to treatment. Leukemia in Animals white blood cells is much less common as Leukemia in humans white blood cells. Today's treatment mostly includes chemotherapy and or bone marrow transplantation supportive care, where transfusions of blood components and prompt treatment of complicating infections, is very important. Ninety percent of children with Acute Lymphocyte Leukemia have received chemotherapy and fifty percent of theses children have been fully cured of Leukemia. Treatment of AML or Acute Myeolcytic Leukemia is not as successful but has been improving more and more throughout the 1990's. Scientists that study the cause of Leukemia have not had very much success lately. Very large doses of x-rays can increase the efficacy growth of Leukemia. Chemicals such as Benzene also may increase the risk of getting Leukemia. Scientists have tried experiments on Leukemia in Animals by transmitting RNA into the body of the Animal. Interpretation of these results in relation with human Leukemia is very cautious at this time. Studies have also suggested that family history, race, genetic factors, and geography may

Shadows of War :: Articles Short Stories Papers

Shadows of War Something had gone wrong. Terribly wrong. â€Å"How could this have happened?!† the leader demanded. â€Å"You told me it was safe! You said I wouldn’t become involved!† â€Å"You’re not involved--there’s nothing that connects you to the operation,† Mitchell said. â€Å"As far as everyone else is concerned, I’m in charge.† The leader was not pleased. The operation had been planned for months, every detail accounted for, every contingency considered--save one. A simple thing like a speeding ticket had screwed everything up. The team had been stopped by the Syracuse police. Something had possessed them to search that car and they had found everything--the guns, the armor, the grenades. Because of the vice president’s visit, federal officials had quickly been notified. The President’s Guard had been famous for its interrogation techniques ever since their creation by President McClellan. It didn’t take long for a member of the team to crack and reveal the entire plot. It didn’t take long for the security to tighten. Now, getting close to the vice president would be impossible. And if it was ever connected to the leader, his career would be over. While many in his country agreed with him, the government would care little for that. There was a larger good at stake, though. He had a duty to his people, even if his government disagreed. Mitchell was the only connection between him and the operation. It wouldn’t be long until Mitchell became a wanted man and he might--just might--get linked to him. â€Å"We have to remain calm,† Mitchell said. â€Å"We don’t know that my name will come up. They have to get to Luken first and he’s already at a safehouse.† The man was a fool. The President’s Guard was a group of the most determined and talented men in the nation. It wouldn’t take them long to figure everything out. The only way to stop the chain was to break it. â€Å"Fine, fine,† the leader said. â€Å"Get out of here. Get yourself to the safehouse. Stay there and wait for my instructions.† The leader walked to the window and watched as Mitchell got in his car and drove away. He watched as Mitchell’s car became nothing more than a small dot of light.

Trent Lott

Trent Lott, senior senator from the state of Mississippi, is one of the foremost figures in the United States Senate and one of the most recognizable figures in all of politics. This recognition comes from the stances which he has taken, the fact that he has been a formidable figure in the Senate for many years, the fact that he was the Majority Leader in the Senate for the Republicans from 1996 until 2001 as well as controversial comments which he made in 2002 and which brought back a great deal of resentment as well as a reminder of the history of racial conflict that the United States and especially the South endured in America’s history. Despite this, Trent Lott is still a highly respected member of the United States senate and at a time when the approval rating of Congress is currently at a dismal 14%, for many in Mississippi, he represents one of the very few bright spots in all of Congress.(Page, 2002 pg. A14) He has maintained a strict party line when voting but has not been afraid to vote against his party when the time and circumstance called for him to do so. Despite being raised as a Southern Democrat, Lott, feeling that his beliefs were more in tune with the Republican Party, joined the party and has been a strong Republican ever since. Those Americans consider themselves republicans because they believe in strong faith and family values, the sanctity of human life and marriage and the rule of law as it applies to limited government, find comfort in Trent Lott. Those who disagree with Republicanism and/or Trent Lott on the majority of his issues, can also rely upon the fact that he will always respect the other side of the debate and will not resort to underhanded tactics in order to win. At a time when less people have a favorable opinion of Congress than in all of American History, such people serve as a breath of fresh air for all those who are interested in politics and how it will reshape the landscape and the future of the country. Trent Lott was born in Grenada Mississippi on October 8, 1941. His father Chester was a shipyard worker and his mother was a teacher. Trent Lott started from humble beginnings but soon rose in the social and political ranks of the state to establish himself as one who was not going to spend his entire life in Mississippi, though he would be hard pressed to forget where he came from and the people and places which helped to establish the man who is Trent Lott. Trent Lott was introduced to a more social life when he was attending the University of Mississippi where he earned a degree in public administration in 1965 and a law degree in 1967. (Mercurio, 2002) After he graduated, he moved to Pascagoula where he opened up a law practice and still lives to this day. It was also during this time that Lott began his life in politics. He served as an assistant to the House Rules Committee chairman William Colmer from 1968 until 1972. ( Smith 2005) Despite the fact that Colmer, for the past forty years, was one of the leading segregationists of the state, he still endorsed Lott as one capable of replacing him when Colmer retired. Despite the fact that Lott ran as a Republican; a party which had not had much success in the South since the beginning of the Civil War, Lott was by a landslide. People could see beyond the labels which all too often seem to identify everything there is to know about a candidate. However, there were other factions involved during this time which helped Lott gain the seat that was vacated by Colmer. During the 1960’s especially after the 1965 Civil Rights Bill, there appeared cracks in the solid Democratic South that was so apparent in the decades before. The Democratic Party was losing converts to its cause left and right and more and more people were willing to vote on the Republican ticket. In the 1964 Presidential Election, despite the fact that Barry Goldwater was routed by President Johnson, Goldwater, Senator from Arizona won 87% of the popular vote of Mississippi. ( Smith, 2005) Trent Lott was on the cusp of this political change and he was going to make the most of it for himself and the legacy which he sought to create in politics. The only question was where Trent Lott was going to end up and how far his aspirations and the people of Mississippi were willing to take him. During the 1970’s, a time when the South and Mississippi was lending most of its support to Republican candidates, Trent Lott was enjoying the success that his adopted party was giving him. That, coupled with the people of Mississippi and their ability to relate to   somebody in politics who still seemed approachable, Lott   became in 1974, the first Republican to get reelected from the state of Mississippi since the end of Reconstruction in 1877. (Page 2002 pg A14) Lott would be re-elected six more times and won easily. In 1978 he even ran unopposed since Lott had established himself so strongly in this part of the country. It was becoming apparent that Trent Lott was going to be in Congress for some time to come. It was also during this time in the 1980’s that Lott served as the House Majority Whip for the Republican Party from 1981 until 1989. (Smith, 2005)   In doing so, he was the first southern Republican to hold such an office. The Republican Party was becoming a strong hold for the South and so too was Trent Lott. It was now time for Trent Lott to rise in his political career. The Senate seemed like the next logical answer. The House of Representatives has 435 members and the number of representatives which each state sends to Congress is directly based upon the population of that particular state. Mississippi had a number of representatives like Trent Lott which were expected to represent the state. In the Senate, only two members from each state, regardless of how populated the state is, are sent to Congress. This would mean that Lott would have much more power and influence within Congress in which his views would affect the state of Mississippi and the country to a greater degree. When Lott ran for the senate in 1988, he again was taking advantage of the political climate of the day. President Bush ran and won a resounding victory in the Presidential election as voters sought to continue the Republican success that had come under eight years of the previous President, Republican Ronald Reagan. Lott ran and won a resounding eight point victory over incumbent Wayne Dowdy. Lott was re-elected in 1994, 2000 and 2006 with there existing no sizable Democratic opposition. (Smith, 2005) Lott continued to benefit from the success that the Republican Party was having at this time. From 1993 until 2001, Democrat Bill Clinton was President of the United States and enjoyed high approval ratings throughout out most of his administration. However, it was the Republicans who enjoyed a sizable lead in the Congress through a good portion of the 1990’s. Lott became Senate majority leader of the Republicans in 1996. (http://archives.cnn.com) Lott was best known for the role that he took in the impeachment of President Clinton who, it later turned out, lied to a grand jury about his relationship with a White House intern. Lott preceded in the trial of President Clinton but eventually acquiesced to suspend the proceedings in the Senate. Even though the House had voted to impeach the President, Senator Lott knew that the Republicans in the Senate numbered far short of the necessary votes in order to make the impeachment complete. After the 2000 election when a highly partisan country resulted in a deeply divided Congress and a 50-50 split occurred in the Senate, Vice President Dick Cheney’s vote gave the Republicans the majority in the Senate once again and Trent Lott was again the leader of the Senate. This was short lived when Vermont senator Jim Jeffords became ad independent, thus giving the Democrats the majority in the Senate, Trent Lott then became the Senator Minority Leader. However, 2002 would provide more problems for Trent Lott and possible the Republican Party when Trent Lott made some controversial comments about the nation’s and state’s past which helped to bring to the forefront, a history and hurt feelings and resentment which many in the state as well as the country had tried hard to bury. The spotless record which Trent Lott had spent his entire private and political life building, ended on December 5, 2002 when at a 100th birthday celebration for Senator Strom Thurmond, longtime senator from South Carolina   and who in 1948, ran for President under the Dixicrat ticket which appealed to mostly segregationist southerners. Commenting on that regrettable chapter in American history, Senator Lott commented instead: â€Å"When Strom Thurmond ran for President, we voted for him. We’re proud of it. And if the rest of the country had followed our lead, we wouldn’t have had all these problems over the years either.† (http://archives.cnn.com) This was a comment which was blown up for a number of reasons. The first reason is the historical significance of the 1948 election and the role that Senator Thurmond in his strict   stand for segregation. The political and social atmosphere had changed and what was previously seen as acceptable in the way of racial prejudice, in our present time, has finally been seen for what it is worth; completely unnecessary and an impediment on the freedom of every individual in America. The second problem was that Senator Lott was from the South and represented the South. Despite coming a long way from the times of slavery and segregation, there still existed a strong awareness of history in the South; especially the history of race relations. Such comments helped to bring up a great deal of pent up anger and issues which many had hoped had finally been resolved. IN many degrees it may have been, but this comment by Senator Lott helped to open up a wound that had many thought had been healed. The last problem with the comment, aside from the comment itself, was the voting record of Senator Lott. He had voted against the renewal of the Voting Rights Act as well as the formation of a national holiday for Martin Luther King Junior when it was made a law in 1986. The comment gained strength as the NAACP and Black Entertainment Television BET called for the resignation of Senator Lott. A good deal of political commentators on television also called for the resignation of Senator Lott and the Republican Party, feeling the backlash towards a public, many of which was suspect towards their history of race relations, and feeling a loss of power, compelled Senator Lott to step down from his position as the Minority Leader in the Senate on December 20, 2002 and was replaced by Tennessee Senator Bill Frist. Despite these comments and how in the minds of many, they have forever associated Senator Lott with the Republican Party of the past, Lott has proven that he is not one who will always vote the strict party line. Within his own party, Lott blasted what is referred to as â€Å"pork spending.† (http://archives.cnn.com) This refers to the fleecing of Americans and their hard earned taxes through kickbacks, deals made in smoke filled rooms and money being placed under the table in order to repay one political favor for another. A senator would try to have a disproportionate amount of federal aid sent to his state or local district in order that such efforts would then be repaid by getting the senator elected. There will never be the full disclosure of how popular this is within the Senate but there is an unwritten law among the members of Congress not to speak out against this. â€Å"Despite their on camera antics and fighting, the members of the House and to a greater degree the Senate, constitute a private club in which each member supports and defends the other.† (Smith, 2005) Trent Lott was not one of these men. After the tragedy of Hurricane Katrina and the all too real reality of forty years of political corruption in Louisiana, which led to much of the troubles during that natural disaster, Senator Lott commented: â€Å"I’m getting damn tired of hearing from them. They have been nothing but trouble ever since Katrina. â€Å"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     (http://archives.cnn.com) Many would say that they have been trouble ever since the Congress was formed at the end of the 18th century. Lott became an outspoken critic against a Congress which had been traditionally made up of â€Å"good old boys† who fleeced the tax payers with their nonsense projects and grafting procedures.† (http://archives.cnn.com) It was comments like these which helped cement the reputation of Senator Lott as one that was above being bought or being swayed by public opinion. As much as politics is polarizing and such comments can raise the ire with people as it is human nature, most free thinking individuals can see beyond the partisan back biting which many casual observers cite as the reason for their disinterest in politics. Trent Lott is an exception to what is becoming the norm: partisan members of Congress who will vote the party line and what is popular among the people who voted them in order to continue their role in the Senate. Lott has thought differently and still has been able to make a name for himself in the Senate. Another issue in which Senator Lott angered much of his conservative base was over the issue of immigration. A recent CNN poll cites more than 85% of the American public want the immigration laws to be strengthened in order to stop what is becoming a severe impediment to the country as a whole. (Dobbs, 2005) There is no doubt that illegal immigration needs to be fixed. The inability of the Congress to do anything about it helps to create such low approval ratings. This is because, despite the country being in agreement about the fact that illegal immigration needs to be stopped, there is still much debate as to how exactly that is to be accomplished.   There are a number of factions within the Congress as there is in the country and all have strong opinions. The Democrats seem to be a little more lenient and propose for an easy road to citizen ship. Most Republicans feel that illegal immigrants broke the law and compromised the security of the border and propose anywhere from the deportation of twelve million people to strict fines and being pushed to the end of the line in the path towards citizenship. Some of these feelings are strengthened through talk radio which is currently monopolized by conservatives; many of whom have very strong opinions about what should be done about the problem. Lott made his opinion clear and called for resolve and moderation. Lott sought to do this by listening to his conscience more than what his people tell him to do, which he felt, was asking for more than what was right in this situation. Lott commented: â€Å"Talk radio is running America. We have to deal with the problem†¦. I’m sure senators on both sides of the isle are being pounded by these talk radio people who don’t have a clue what is even on most of these bills.   They are ill informed to comment so.† (Dobbs, 2005) Senator Lott reached across the isle and teamed up with the very liberal Senator Ted Kennedy for their comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007. Throughout the whole process, Senator Lott was a voice of reason who called for a moderate approach to the problem so that some immigration bill could be passed. He commented: â€Å"Can we do anything more? I don’t like a lot of these amendments. Some people were acting like this is a sinister operation. I don’t believe so. Everybody knew there was an effort underway†¦. Do you have faith in me after 35 years?† ( http://archives.cnn.com) Despite his best efforts, Senate Leader Harry Reid, Democrat from Nevada killed the bill after less than a week of debate. Since Senator Lott has resigned from his leadership position in the Senate, he still has remained a voice of reason and is not hesitant to vote his conscience over the strict party line. Senator Lott received a mild, though strong Democratic following when he called for the resignation of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld before most Republicans even contemplated the movie. He battled with President Bush over the closing of military bases in the state of Mississippi and was an outspoken critic of Karl Rove, President Bush’s chief advisor. On July 18, 2006, Trent Lott even voted in favor stem cell research; a bill which President Bush in July 2007, vetoed because in the process, the stem cell, which would eventually become a fetus, was viewed by Christians to be a human life and therefore felt that such measures acted as like an abortion. On the other side of the issue, stem cells can be used, researchers think, to grow healthy cells and combat various diseases which attack the brain, spine and nervous system. Senator Trent Lott voted for this research and in the process, alienated himself from much of his base. He knew this before casting his vote but he has gained the respect of his peers on both sides of the isle for being motivated by what he thought to be right and not necessarily what was popular within his own party or with the nation. Whether Trent Lott is alienating his base or voting with the majority, he has been a voice of reason and moderation for most of his career. Trent Lott has been a mainstay in Congress for the last thirty years and even though he has voted in ways that he later regretted and made comments which have hurt him and his legacy in the long run, to the people who like honest talk, both in his home state of Mississippi and in the country at large, have come to respect him for all that he has done. Even after the made those now infamous comments about Senator Thurmond, most Democrats in Congress, despite seeing a political opportunity to increase their support from African Americans and other minorities, realized that the comment was not a true testament to the feelings, the beliefs and the life work which had become Trent Lott. The former leader of the Senate for the Democrats and a figure which had no trouble raising the ire among most Republican supporters, commented on that recent turn of events: â€Å"There are a lot of times when he and I go to the mike and would like to say things we meant to say differently, and I’m sure this is one of those cases for him as well.† (http://archives.cnn.com) This is the case with free thinking individuals who, despite raising the hated and ire for many Republicans through his years in the Senate and could further increase the support of his base by responding their calls to vilify the man, such people who have known Senator Lott for any period of time, though they might not agree with the man and his politics, respects his morals, values and the ways in which he conducts himself. This is hard to do sometimes as the persona cross the isle might be causing a great deal of trouble in one’s political pursuits and perhaps had even exerted efforts to derail their bid for re-election. Nevertheless, the millions of people in America who feel that the actions of the Congress and the beliefs of the men and women who make up such an exclusive club is more important that what the current pop culture icon is wearing or dating, can recognize a genuine person. Those who want to stay in touch with current events and the politics which shape them but still cannot resort to such efforts, cite the fact that in their opinion, there is a severe shortage of people whom they feel to be â€Å"real.† This is most likely true as observers for both Presidential campaigns can record the amount of back peddling that each candidate makes in order to maintain thee highest level of political power; regardless of whether or not that is their real opinion. It is unlikely that Trent Lott, despite his high popularity, will never even contemplate running for President. And it is to the advantage of all those who believe in him that he does not. This is because Trent Lott, with his inability to be disincentive, shoots from the hip and when asked, tells people what he believes more times that not. Sometimes the words will come out wrong and he will regret what he says. However, isn’t this true for all of us. If every formal word of ours over the last 35 years was recorded, how well would others regard us? It is to the benefit of millions of people that is not the case and for those like Senator Lott who has been in the public eye for thirty five years, his record will stand for itself and by itself in this highly partisan climate which is currently choking Washington with no hope of reviving the healthy action of dissent across party lines when an issue does not react well to their own beliefs; the beliefs in which they were elected. Senator Trent Lott is not a member of the former class but stands alone as not only one who apologizes for his mistakes, but also is willing to cross party lines and let the criticism come as they may. This is the true test of one who has earned the trust of the people. It would behoove Washington and the American people if there were more such people in politics. WORKS CITED Dobbs, L. Lott: A Freethinking Member of Congress! CNN Moneyline w. Lou Dobbs. Aired in syndication June 15, 2005 Page, C. Lott’s Comments: Representative of a Larger Culture of Hate?† Chicago Tribune December 15, 2002 Mercurio, J â€Å"Lott Apologizes for Thurmond Comment† http://archives.cnn.com Downloaded July 19, 2007 December 10, 2002 Smith, Harry Senator Trent Lott. Biography   Aired June 12, 2005